Wheat absorbs varying amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium throughout its growth cycle, depending on factors such as climate, soil type, farming practices, and variety characteristics. It is generally estimated that for a wheat yield of 500 kilograms per mu, about 14–16 kg of pure nitrogen, 5–7.5 kg of P₂O₅, and 10–20 kg of K₂O are needed. To meet these requirements, proper fertilization strategies are essential.
According to the nutrient needs of wheat, it's important to apply base fertilizer early and top-dress at the right time. Typically, 60–80% of the total fertilizer should be applied as base fertilizer, with the remaining 40–20% used for top-dressing. Base fertilizer should mainly consist of organic materials like farmyard manure, supplemented with chemical fertilizers to ensure balanced nutrition.
The absorption of nutrients varies during different growth stages. During the seedling stage, the uptake is relatively low, but it increases gradually, reaching its peak between jointing and flowering. Potassium is most absorbed before flowering. This highlights the importance of timely application to support the plant’s critical growth phases.
In practice, combining coarse and fine fertilizers—such as using organic matter along with nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers—is an effective way to boost production. Applying these three types of fertilizers at the bottom of the field helps establish strong seedlings and improve winter survival. Organic fertilizers not only enhance soil fertility but also improve soil structure, which is key to long-term high yields. Therefore, following the principle of “coarse fertilizer as the base, with chemical fertilizers as supplements†ensures sufficient nutrients for the crop.
In areas where chemical fertilizers like ammonium monophosphate are commonly used, wheat tends to grow stronger, with fewer winter deaths and higher spike percentages. This method is simple and helps reduce issues like ammonia volatilization and uneven nutrient release. For clay soils, up to half of the total nitrogen can be applied as a base, while sandy soils should receive around 40% due to their lower nutrient retention.
Phosphorus application is especially crucial in low-phosphorus soils. Combining nitrogen and phosphorus significantly improves yield. Field trials show that wheat fields producing over 500 kg per mu require more than 5,000 kg of quality compost, 50 kg of standard nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer, and about 10 kg of potassium sulfate.
Applying green manure during the seedling stage is beneficial for weak or underdeveloped plants. When the soil begins to thaw, applying 20 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per mu, or 15 kg of superphosphate if phosphorus is lacking, can help strengthen the crop. Diammonium phosphate at 10–15 kg per mu is also recommended. However, for healthy, well-developed seedlings, green manure should be delayed to avoid excessive tillering and improve ear formation.
During the mid-growth stage, winter wheat requires the most water and nutrients, with about 35% of water and 50% of fertilizer needed. At the jointing and booting stages, adequate nitrogen (around 15 kg of ammonium sulfate per mu) is critical.
Finally, foliar application of phosphorus after flowering can significantly increase grain weight by 2–3 grams, leading to a 10% yield increase. These combined practices ensure optimal nutrient management and maximize wheat productivity.
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