Apple trees begin their growth cycle from the moment of germination, when roots start to absorb water and nutrients. This root activity can continue until the end of April. However, the extent of root absorption and its effectiveness are largely influenced by two key factors: the tree's stored nutritional reserves and the temperature of the soil. Trees that experienced a "big year" the previous season—often referred to as "new year trees"—tend to have delayed and limited root growth in the spring. To enhance root activity early in the season, it is important to improve the tree’s stored nutrients and use mulch film to raise the ground temperature. This not only accelerates root absorption but also supports better sprouting, leaf development, fruit set, and overall tree health.
For "small year trees," which typically have lower nutrient reserves due to a heavy fruiting year before, root absorption in spring is even more limited. The nutrients absorbed by the roots alone may not be enough to meet the tree's needs. Therefore, applying fertilizer externally before and after bud break can help replenish these reserves, significantly improving fruit setting rates and promoting early growth.
By mid-May, the number of growth-related roots increases sharply, reaching a peak and continuing until the spring shoots stop growing. Trees that are weak or show signs of poor growth can benefit from top-dressing before this root growth peak, which helps stimulate new shoot growth and restore tree vigor. For varieties like Wang Changshu, careful control of both fertilizer and water is essential to suppress excessive shoot growth and encourage flower development.
From late May through June and into July, the tree enters the summer root growth peak. This period sees the highest volume of new roots and lasts the longest during the middle of the year. It is also the critical time for flower bud differentiation. Healthy trees and those classified as "new year trees" should receive timely top-dressing to support this process effectively.
In late August, as the autumn shoots begin to fall and leaves start to drop, the tree experiences another peak in new root growth. The occurrence of these autumn roots is most affected by the tree’s fruit load and the retention of leaves. If leaves fall too early or if the tree carries too much fruit, the development of new roots is significantly reduced. The formation of autumn roots is closely tied to the tree’s nutrient storage. Applying fertilizer in the fall can stimulate the growth of these roots, which in turn enhances the tree’s ability to store nutrients and prepare for the next growing season.
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