Fertilizer application is a critical aspect of crop cultivation, and improper mixing or application methods can significantly reduce efficiency or even harm the plants. To ensure optimal results, it's important to follow certain guidelines when using different types of fertilizers.
First, ammonium-based nitrogen fertilizers should never be mixed with alkaline fertilizers. This combination can lead to the release of ammonia gas, which volatilizes and reduces the effectiveness of the fertilizer. Common ammonium nitrogen fertilizers include ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium phosphate. Alkaline fertilizers, on the other hand, include materials like lime, wood ash, and calcium magnesium phosphate.
Second, nitrate nitrogen fertilizers should not be combined with organic manure. Organic matter in compost or manure can promote nitrification, where denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas, leading to nutrient loss. Common nitrate nitrogen fertilizers include sodium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate.
Third, nitrate nitrogen fertilizers are not suitable for paddy fields. Under anaerobic conditions, these fertilizers can be broken down by denitrifying bacteria, causing nitrogen loss. In addition, excess water after heavy rains can wash away the nutrients, reducing their effectiveness. Dry land should also avoid excessive watering before and after heavy rainfall.
Fourth, urea should not be applied directly to the soil without proper precautions. Once applied, urea is converted into ammonium bicarbonate by soil microorganisms, which then decomposes and releases ammonia, leading to losses.
Fifth, urea should not come into direct contact with seeds. Urea contains a small amount of biuret, which can inhibit seed germination and, at high concentrations, may even damage or kill the seed. When used as a seed fertilizer, it should be applied carefully, with no more than 2.5 kg per acre.
Sixth, the concentration of urea used as a top dressing should not be too high. While foliar application can be effective, overuse can be harmful. For grain and cotton crops, an appropriate concentration is 0.8–1%, while for high-value fruits and vegetables, it should be 0.4–0.6%.
Seventh, ammonium bicarbonate should not be left exposed for long periods. It is unstable and should be immediately covered after application. Shallow placement can also lead to rapid volatilization.
Eighth, ammonium sulfate should not be used continuously. As an acidic fertilizer, it can increase soil acidity over time, damaging its structure. In calcareous soils, sulfate can react with calcium carbonate, reducing its availability. It’s best to alternate with other nitrogen sources.
Ninth, applying ammonium sulfate in paddy fields is not recommended. After application, it can move into the anaerobic layer, where sulfate is reduced to hydrogen sulfide. This can form black ferrous sulfate around rice roots, leading to root damage and nutrient loss.
Tenth, ammonium nitrate should not be used on nitrogen-sensitive crops such as sugarcane, beets, potatoes, citrus, grapes, and tobacco. Excessive nitrogen can cause physiological damage, reduce yield, and lower the quality of the harvest.
By following these guidelines, farmers can maximize the benefits of fertilizers while minimizing waste and environmental impact.
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