Fertilizer application requires careful consideration to ensure optimal nutrient uptake and avoid negative effects on crops and soil. First, ammonium-based nitrogen fertilizers should not be mixed with alkaline fertilizers, as this can lead to ammonia volatilization, reducing the effectiveness of the fertilizer. Common ammonium-based fertilizers include ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium chloride, while basic fertilizers such as lime, wood ash, and calcium magnesium phosphate can react with them.
Second, nitrate-based nitrogen fertilizers should not be combined with organic manure. Organic materials contain high levels of organic matter, which can promote nitrification by denitrifying bacteria, leading to nitrogen loss. Common nitrate fertilizers include sodium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate. Mixing them with organic manure can reduce their efficiency and result in wasted nutrients.
Third, nitrate nitrogen fertilizers are not suitable for paddy fields due to the anaerobic conditions that encourage denitrification, where nitrates are converted into gaseous nitrogen and lost. This process reduces fertilizer efficiency. Additionally, heavy watering before or after rain should be avoided in dry lands to prevent leaching.
Fourth, urea should not be applied directly to the surface without incorporation. Once on the soil, urea is quickly hydrolyzed by microorganisms into ammonium bicarbonate, which can then decompose and release ammonia, leading to significant nitrogen loss.
Fifth, urea should not come into direct contact with seeds. It contains a small amount of biuret, which can inhibit seed germination and even cause toxicity at high concentrations. When used as a seed fertilizer, it should be applied carefully, with a maximum of 2.5 kg per acre to avoid damage.
Sixth, when using urea as a foliar fertilizer, the concentration should not be too high. While urea is effective as a foliar feed, excessive use can harm plants. For grain and cotton crops, an appropriate concentration is 0.8–1%, while for high-value fruit and vegetable crops, it should be 0.4–0.6%.
Seventh, ammonium bicarbonate should not be left exposed on the soil surface for long periods. It is unstable and should be immediately covered after application to prevent ammonia loss.
Eighth, long-term use of ammonium sulfate is not recommended. As an acidic fertilizer, it can increase soil acidity over time, harming soil structure. In calcareous soils, sulfate ions may react with calcium carbonate, forming insoluble compounds. Therefore, it’s best to alternate with other types of nitrogen fertilizers.
Ninth, applying ammonium sulfate in paddy fields is not advisable. Once in the waterlogged soil, sulfate can be reduced to hydrogen sulfide, forming black ferrous sulfate around rice roots, which leads to root discoloration and nutrient loss.
Tenth, ammonium nitrate should not be used on crops that are sensitive to nitrogen, such as sugarcane, beets, potatoes, citrus, grapes, and tobacco. Over-application can cause physiological damage, reduce yield quality, and even lead to plant death. Careful management is essential to avoid these issues.
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