Fungal insecticides are a type of entomopathogenic fungi that have a wide range of host susceptibility. These are contact-based microbial pesticides, and they have gained attention for their environmental safety and effectiveness in pest control. The primary species currently studied include *Beauveria bassiana*, *Metarhizium anisopliae*, *Paecilomyces*, *Crustella sp.*, and *Verticillium*. Among these, *Beauveria bassiana* has been the most extensively researched and applied, especially in China.
Since the 1960s, Chinese researchers have been exploring the use of *B. bassiana* to manage forest pests like pine caterpillars and agricultural pests such as corn borers. By the 1970s, solid-phase culture and liquid-solid two-phase production techniques were developed, leading to the establishment of factories that produced crude formulations of *B. bassiana* for large-scale application. In terms of product forms, China has developed various formulations including powders, wettable powders, oils, emulsions, and microcapsules. However, despite these advances, the industry still faces challenges. There are only about ten companies producing *B. bassiana* in China, and most operate on a small scale. Many rely on traditional solid-state shallow tray cultures or open-screen methods, which result in inconsistent product quality. Most producers lack the capacity for large-scale manufacturing and often sell products locally or for personal use.
*B. bassiana* has a broad host range, targeting pests such as corn borers, pine caterpillars, beetles, rice leafhoppers, planthoppers, tea hoppers, tea worms, soybean borers, and aphids. It has been used for years as a conventional method against corn borers and pine caterpillars.
In contrast, *Metarhizium anisopliae* is another broad-spectrum entomopathogenic fungus with strong pest control capabilities. Although it is more widely used abroad, its efficacy is comparable to *B. bassiana*. China's research on *M. anisopliae* started later but has made significant progress in strain selection, production technology, formulation development, and target pest identification. The Chongqing University's Genetic Research Center has successfully developed biopesticidal compounds from *M. avenae*, achieved key research outcomes, and completed product registration. These products have been tested across multiple provinces in China.
Other fungi also show promising potential in pest management. *Pochonia lilacinus* effectively controls root-knot nematodes in crops like citrus, potatoes, and lemons, as well as soybean cyst nematodes. *Paecilomyces pilosicoli* and *P. rosenbergii* have shown good results in controlling pine caterpillars and greenhouse whiteflies. *Lecanicillium muscarium* (formerly *Verticillium lecanii*) is effective against aphids, thrips, and whiteflies. These fungi represent a growing area of interest in sustainable pest management strategies.
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