Fungal insecticides are a type of entomopathogenic fungi that can infect a wide range of insect species. These are contact-based microbial pesticides, meaning they work by direct contact with the host. Currently, the most commonly studied species include *Beauveria bassiana*, *Metarhizium anisopliae*, *Paecilomyces*, *Crustella sp.*, and *Verticillium*.
*Beauveria bassiana* is the most extensively researched and widely used fungal insecticide in China. Since the 1960s, it has been applied in the control of forest pests such as pine caterpillars and agricultural pests like corn borers. By the 1970s, solid-phase culture and liquid-solid two-phase production methods were developed, leading to large-scale application. At that time, factories began producing crude formulations of *B. bassiana* for pest control. In terms of product development, China has created various formulations including powders, wettable powders, oils, emulsions, and microcapsules. Today, research focuses on improving industrial production techniques, quality standards, formulation development, and commercialization. However, only about ten companies are involved in its production, and most operate on a small scale using traditional solid-state fermentation methods. This often leads to inconsistent product quality and limited commercial success. The fungus has a broad host range, targeting pests like corn borers, pine caterpillars, beetles, rice leafhoppers, planthoppers, tea leafhoppers, and aphids. Its use against corn borers and pine caterpillars has been ongoing for many years.
*Metarhizium anisopliae* is another broad-spectrum entomopathogenic fungus with strong pest control capabilities. In many countries, it is more widely used than *B. bassiana*. While its effectiveness is comparable, China's research on *M. anisopliae* started later. After years of development, significant progress has been made in strain selection, production techniques, formulation optimization, and target pest identification. The Chongqing University Genetic Research Center has successfully developed biopesticides from *M. avenae*, achieved important results, and completed product registration. These products have been tested across multiple provinces in China.
Other fungi also show promising insecticidal potential. For example, *Pochonia lilacinus* effectively controls root-knot nematodes in crops like citrus, potatoes, and soybeans. *Paecilomyces pilosicoli* and *P. rosenbergii* have shown good results in controlling pine caterpillars and greenhouse whiteflies. *Lecanicillium muscarium* (formerly *Verticillium lecanii*) is effective against aphids, thrips, and whiteflies. These fungi offer valuable alternatives in integrated pest management systems.
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