Soybean breeding method

Soybeans are primarily self-pollinated crops, which can lead to a decline in variety quality due to factors such as mechanical mixing, unfavorable weather conditions, suboptimal cultivation practices, and natural hybridization. As a result, seeds produced through self-seeding cannot be used for extended periods. It is recommended to replace the seeds every three years. To maintain the quality of superior soybean varieties, it is essential to consistently implement purification and rejuvenation processes, along with effective breeding and variety management. The method for purifying and rejuvenating soybean varieties involves several key steps: strain selection, line identification, and hybrid propagation. These steps ensure that only the best plants are selected and propagated to preserve the purity and vigor of the variety. In the **single plant selection nursery**, individual plants that exhibit the desired traits—such as grain color, shape, and umbilical color—are chosen for testing. These plants are then threshed individually, and those that deviate from the original variety's characteristics are discarded. This process helps eliminate undesirable variations early on. Next, in the **line identification nursery**, each selected plant is grown as a separate line. Each line is evaluated against the original variety, and any that show inconsistency is eliminated. The planting design often includes one control line (representing the original variety) among 10 to 20 lines. The most promising strains are then carried forward for further breeding. In the **hybrid propagation nursery**, the seeds from the identified lines are planted at equal intervals and cultivated under high-density conditions. This step ensures the production of high-quality, purified seeds. These seeds are referred to as "super purified rejuvenation stocks." Another important technique is **mixed selection**. When the soybean plants mature, a number of healthy, vigorous plants that display typical traits of the variety are selected. These are then carefully processed indoors, mixed, and threshed separately. The resulting seeds are reserved for the next year’s breeding program. For **breeding fields**, advanced agricultural practices are employed, and strict measures are taken to remove impurities. One approach is to select a single excellent plant with the desired traits and propagate its offspring. This method expands the production of single-line seeds and is slightly more time-consuming than traditional strain selection. Finally, the establishment of **seed fields** is crucial when the quantity of purified seeds is limited. These seed fields are used to multiply the breeding seeds. The size of the seed field depends on the amount of seed sown and the yield per acre. Typically, the seed field should cover about 4% to 5% of the area of the main production field or the next higher-level seed field. When selecting plots for the seed field, it is important to choose flat, well-drained land with uniform soil. Avoid areas with heavy clay or poor drainage. Organic manure and fertilizers should be applied in appropriate ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus. Field management must be intensified, including timely thinning, weeding, and soil cultivation to keep the soil loose and free of weeds. During flowering and grain-filling stages, additional top-dressing is applied once or twice, and irrigation is provided during dry periods to prevent pest and disease outbreaks. Throughout the growing season, strict elimination of plants that do not meet the morphological standards is performed at the seedling, flowering, and maturity stages. After maturity, timely harvesting and careful threshing are essential to avoid mechanical mixing, which can compromise seed quality. By following these comprehensive steps, farmers can ensure the long-term maintenance of high-quality soybean varieties.

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