With the ongoing adjustment of agricultural structures, effectively utilizing rural labor and idle agricultural resources to boost farmers' income has become a critical challenge for agricultural science and technology personnel working on rural development. In 2006, several local chicken breeds were introduced, including the Henan Goshio Chicken, Xi'an Gaoling Zudai Chicken, France Sasuo Premium Chicken, Jiangsu Jiangdu Suqin Yellow Chicken, Wuxi Taihu Chicken, and Guangzhou Jinjiang Village Yellow Chicken. By the age of 25 days, the survival rate reached an impressive 97.6%. Based on the natural ecological conditions, four stocking models were selected: the "one centralized four modes" approach for fruit forest zones, floodplains, Shapo grasslands, and depression lands. This article will now discuss the breeding techniques for free-range chickens.
Before raising chickens, it is essential to implement strict biosecurity measures. The spread of poultry infectious diseases requires three key factors: the source of infection, the transmission route, and susceptible animals. When these elements coincide, outbreaks can occur rapidly, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, proper disinfection, immunization, and disease monitoring are crucial before starting the rearing process to ensure successful outcomes.
**Sanitary Work**
1. Thoroughly clean all facilities before introducing chickens. Ensure that the area is free from dust and any remnants of previous flocks.
2. Close doors and windows, place feeders, waterers, and containers inside, then fumigate using formalin and potassium permanganate. The recommended ratio is 30ml formalin and 15g potassium permanganate per 3m³. Seal the room for over 24 hours, then ventilate for 48 hours before hatching.
3. Disinfect and clean chicken cages before bringing them into the house. Avoid using dirty or unclean cages.
4. Raise the temperature in the brooding area 24 hours before the chicks arrive, maintaining it around 35°C.
5. Prepare warm boiled water, specialized chick feed, and necessary medications before the chicks arrive.
6. Allow the chicks to rest for 1–3 hours in their transport boxes upon arrival. Separate weak or vulnerable birds and place them in the brooding area.
After introducing new breeds, chicks are raised using intensive brooding and online methods.
- **Brooding Period (1–6 weeks):** Maintain a temperature above 30°C. Provide warm water with a small amount of poly-dimensional iodine to enhance immunity. Feed 4–5 times daily, offering small portions to ensure the chicks eat everything clean. Leave the feeders empty for a while before refilling to stimulate appetite.
- **Lighting:** For the first 1–3 days, provide 24-hour lighting. From day 4 to 7, reduce to 1–2 hours per day. Gradually transition to natural light as the chicks grow.
- **Digestive Aid:** At 20 days old, add fine, clean sand to help improve digestion.
- **Vaccination Schedule:** Vaccinate on day 5 against Newcastle disease (H120), day 12 against bursa of Fabricius, day 19 against Newcastle disease clone 30 and Chuanzhi (H120), day 26 against bursa four-valent vaccine, day 30 against avian influenza, day 35 against chickenpox, and day 45 against Newcastle disease I or VII.
- **Medication:** Administer antibiotics like florfenicol and other drugs for 3 days before and after the transition period to reduce stress and prevent infections.
- **Disease Prevention:** Monitor for common diseases and follow preventive measures such as regular vaccinations and supplements.
**Feeding and Management During Transition (25–35 Days)**
The transition period is a crucial phase in moving from brooding to grazing. Although the chicks have developed some immunity, they remain vulnerable to environmental changes and are at higher risk of illness. A slight oversight during this time can lead to serious losses. Focus should be placed on both environmental and feeding transitions.
**Environmental Transition:** Gradually lower the temperature from 20–25 days of age to about 20°C. As the temperature approaches outdoor levels, open doors and windows for ventilation and allow grazing for 2 hours daily. After 30 days, gradually increase grazing time.
**Feeding Transition:** From 30 to 35 days, introduce small amounts of green feed such as greens, scallions, and wild vegetables. Feed 3 times a day, ensuring the chickens have access to food throughout the day.
**Grazing Transition:** At 15–25 days, move the chicks to demonstration households. Before transferring, ensure the houses and equipment are thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. After 3 days of feeding, gradually introduce grazing and monitor for stress responses. Add antibiotics and dewormers to the feed for 5–7 days.
**Grazing Management:** During the transition, start by feeding the chickens for one week, then gradually move them to grazing areas. Train the chickens to graze in fruit forests, riverbanks, and grasslands. Encourage them to eat weeds, insects, and natural vegetation. Use methods such as whistling, tapping pots, or guiding adult hens to help establish grazing habits. Fix feeding times to build conditioned reflexes and maintain consistency in feeding routines.
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