A few days ago, a fish farm in Lunjiao Town, Shunde City, started a polyculture project involving Xijiang fish, commonly known as "bamboo sticks." These fish are prized for their delicious flesh and high nutritional value, making them popular among consumers. An agricultural park in the city is also planning to introduce artificial breeding techniques, aiming to produce seedlings to supply local fish farmers.
"Bamboo sticks" is a common name for barbs, which belong to the genus and subfamily of the Cyprinidae family. In our region, there are two main genera: the *Puntius* and *Barbus*. Both share similar characteristics, such as a prominent snout, prefrontal position, and tight lower lip. However, the key difference lies in the placement of the dorsal fin—barbs have spines in front of the dorsal fin origin, while *Puntius* do not.
First, there are two types of thorn fish: sparse thorns and striped thorns. Sparse thorns, also known as Hua Niang or Shi Bu Mu (Wujiashan) on Hainan Island, are mainly found in Baoting County’s water systems. Striped thorns, often called golden flower pods, are distributed across the Yangtze River basin and various water systems in Hainan. They are small freshwater fish common in Guangdong, found in rivers, ponds, and ditches. Though they are often preyed upon by larger carnivorous fish, they are rarely used as food. Currently, there are no reports of development, utilization, or breeding of these species.
Second, there are several species of barbs in China, including the *Puntius* (thorn barb), *Barbus*, Yunnan barb, long thorn, and Chinese barb.
The *Puntius* (commonly known as green sticks or military fish) has black spots on its scales and dark edges on the dorsal fin. It prefers clear waters and is omnivorous, feeding on aquatic insects and other organisms. Juveniles rely more on animal-based feed. Spawning occurs from April to May, with earlier spawning in warmer southern regions. The ecological conditions required for spawning must be met during artificial breeding. This species is economically important in the Beijiang, Xijiang, Lancang, Qiantang, and Pearl River basins.
Barbs, like other thorny fish, inhabit rivers and are herbivorous, feeding on algae and plant debris. They mature at 3–4 years and spawn between April and June, laying floating eggs. They grow relatively fast and are widely consumed in the Hunan Minjiang River, Pearl River, and Hainan Island.
Yunnan barbs are found in eastern Yunnan's rivers and lakes. Long thorns lack hard spines and are found in Taiwan's water systems. The Chinese barb is a bottom-dweller, omnivorous, and an important economic fish in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
Third, there are proposals for developing thorn fish farming. While these fish offer good market potential due to their flavor and price, several challenges need addressing for large-scale success.
First, thorn fish are originally wild and have not been fully domesticated. Their biological traits, breeding habits, and seedling cultivation remain poorly understood. Common names vary by region, leading to confusion among farmers and even misidentification of fry, which can negatively impact production. Researchers and farmers must distinguish between species accurately.
Artificial breeding requires clear water, adequate dissolved oxygen, and proper environmental conditions. Cultivation environments like ponds should be near rivers, or cages can be set up in reservoirs or lakes. Growth rates depend on factors such as feed quality, stocking density, and water temperature.
Research into artificial breeding is crucial. Successful propagation and seedling production are essential for large-scale farming. Currently, only a few species have been successfully bred, so relying solely on wild seedlings is not feasible.
Additionally, the sexual maturity of males and females may differ by 1–2 years. To synchronize spawning, broodstock must be fed properly, and hormone injections or flow stimulation might be necessary.
Different species have varying sizes, habitats, and market potentials. Some are too small to be considered as food fish. Based on current data, the most promising species for culture are *Puntius*, *Barbus*, and Chinese barb. Before large-scale farming, community trials and intermediate tests are recommended to avoid risks.
In summary, while thorn fish have great potential, careful research, accurate identification, and controlled breeding methods are essential for sustainable aquaculture.
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