With the support of the National 863 Program, China's crop breeding technology has made significant progress. This initiative has driven innovation in multiple areas, including space breeding, heterosis utilization, and molecular marker-assisted breeding, leading to breakthroughs that enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
First, space breeding technology has advanced through comprehensive research on the mutagenic effects of the aerospace environment. Scientists explored these effects from biological, physical, and gravitational perspectives, developing a novel technique for "multiple generations of mixed series continuous selection and directional tracking screening." This approach has been further refined by optimizing ground-based simulations of space conditions, such as high-energy particle irradiation and physical field processing. These improvements have significantly increased the efficiency of sample processing. Additionally, comparative studies between high-energy particles and γ-rays have deepened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind wheat mutations, enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of space breeding techniques.
Second, the utilization of heterosis has seen major advancements. The theory and practice of super rice breeding have continuously evolved, maintaining international leadership. Hybrid wheat seed production standards were established, and practical systems for second-line hybrid wheat were improved. A new herbicide-resistant upland cotton germplasm line, G. hirsutum R1098, was developed and applied successfully in hybrid cotton breeding. Breakthroughs in cutting leaf bee breeding and hybrid soybean seed production have also been achieved. In corn breeding, a full sterility system was realized, and a three-line pollination control model was established, solving long-standing challenges in hybrid rapeseed seed production. Significant progress was also made in understanding male sterility in Chinese cabbage, guiding practical breeding applications.
Third, molecular marker-assisted breeding has opened new possibilities. Researchers identified 34 closely linked molecular or functional markers associated with 32 key genes related to disease resistance, stress tolerance, and quality. This laid a solid technical foundation for large-scale molecular breeding. By integrating this technology with traditional methods, breeders have enhanced the precision of trait selection. Notable achievements include the development of the high-restorer line Zhonghui 8006, which shows strong resistance to bacterial blight, and the creation of multi-gene lines combining resistance genes like Xa21, Xa7, and Bt. Several stable strains with high yield, quality, and resistance to stripe rust have also been bred, contributing to more resilient and high-quality crop varieties.
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