With the support of the National 863 Program, China's crop breeding technology has made significant progress. This advancement has been driven by innovations in space breeding, heterosis utilization, and molecular marker-assisted techniques, all contributing to more efficient and effective agricultural development.
First, space breeding technology has seen remarkable development. Researchers have explored the mutagenic effects of various factors in the aerospace environment from multiple perspectives, including particle biology, physics field biology, and gravity biology. Based on this, a new technique called "multiple generations of mixed series continuous selection and directional tracking screening" was established. The process of high-energy particle irradiation and physical field treatment has been optimized, improving the efficiency of sample processing. Comparative studies between high-energy particles and gamma rays helped uncover the molecular mechanisms behind wheat mutations. These findings have enhanced the accuracy of ground-based simulations for space breeding, opening up new possibilities for genetic improvement of crops under simulated space conditions.
Second, the utilization of heterosis has led to breakthroughs in hybrid crop production. The theory and techniques for super rice breeding have continued to evolve, keeping China at the forefront globally. Hybrid wheat seed production standards were set, and practical systems for second-line hybrid wheat were refined. A herbicide-resistant upland cotton germplasm line, G. hirsutum-R1098, was developed and used effectively in hybrid cotton breeding. Significant progress was also made in cutting leaf bee breeding and hybrid soybean seed production. Full sterility in corn hybrid seed production was achieved through the establishment of a three-line pollination control system—comprising the "homozygous dual-purpose system," "temporary complete maintenance system," and "restoration system." This solved long-standing issues in hybrid rapeseed seed production. Major advances were also made in the study of male sterility in Chinese cabbage, leading to successful breeding applications.
Third, molecular marker-assisted breeding has become a powerful tool. Researchers identified 34 closely linked molecular or functional markers associated with 32 important genes related to disease resistance, stress tolerance, and quality. This laid the foundation for large-scale application of molecular marker-assisted breeding. When combined with traditional methods, it significantly improved the precision of crop selection. Notable successes include the development of the high-restorer line Zhonghui 8006, which shows strong resistance to bacterial blight and white leaf blight, as well as resistance to rice blast, whitebacked planthoppers, and brown planthoppers. All quality indicators meet the national Grade 1 standard. A multi-gene rice line containing Xa21, Xa7, and Bt genes was created, and six stable strains with high yield, quality (Bx14, Dx5), and resistance to stripe rust (YrQz) were successfully bred.
These advancements highlight China’s growing leadership in modern agricultural biotechnology, offering sustainable solutions for food security and environmental challenges.
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