The editor has a long history of planting sugarcane in Yunnan. In recent years, along with the development of the advantages of sugar cane production and the improvement of irrigation conditions in sugarcane fields, the cane area of ​​paddy fields has been expanding year by year. In 2006, the area of ​​the entire province reached 1.2 million mu, but due to cultivation Excessive management and lack of scientific cultivation techniques have resulted in generally low yields of sugarcane in paddy fields, and the average yield is only about 5 to 6 tons. Compared with other economic crops, the efficiency is not high, which has affected the enthusiasm and income of sugarcane farmers to a large extent. Level. With the development of social economy and the progress of sugar cane science and technology, the traditional sugarcane cultivation technology of paddy fields has not been adapted to the current needs. In order to effectively form a comprehensive sugarcane cultivation technique for modern “double high†paddy fields suitable for the Yunnan sugarcane area, in recent years, Yunnan Province has The scientific and technical personnel of the Institute of Sugarcane Research of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, on the basis of in-depth analysis of high-yield cultivation experience in sugarcane areas in various regions, according to the natural climate characteristics of sugarcane production areas in Yunnan, ecological conditions and socioeconomic conditions of sugarcane areas, combined with modern sugarcane science and technology, from sugarcane cultivation, Field management, harvesting, and ratoon cane management have concluded that a set of high-sugar sugar cane high-yield comprehensive cultivation techniques are suitable for Yunnan. The demonstration and promotion show that this technology has significantly increased sugar production compared with traditional cultivation. The average yield per mu is increased by more than 2.5 tons, and the cane sugar content is increased by 0.4% to 0.8% (absolute value), achieving the goal of producing tons of sugar per mu. This article is published in full by the "Sugar Field (Sugar Field) Sugar Cane "Ton Sugar Field" Cultivation Technique" written by Zhang Yuebin and Yin Xingxiang of the Institute of Sugarcane Research, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences for reference by scientific and technological personnel and sugarcane farmers.
I. High-yield cultivation of sugarcane "T sugar fields" in paddy field
High-yield cultivation is an important basis for the high yield of sugarcane in paddy fields. High-yield cultivation includes technical links such as site preparation, seedling treatment, cultivation, and mulching.
(I) Land preparation
The site preparation requires deep plowing and fine soil preparation to create a good soil environment of “deep, loose, fine, flat, and fat†for sugar cane. The ploughshare must have a depth of more than 40 cm. The soil should be loose but not loose, soft but not hard, fine and not powdery. This kind of soil is good for harmonizing the contradiction between moisture and air, and has good fertilization effect. It can supply sugar cane continuously and evenly. nutrient.
The cultivation of sugarcane in paddy field and the rotation of rice and sugarcane are more common. This kind of sugarcane field preparation requires the timely control of water after rice is harvested. In the case of moderate soil moisture and suitable for ploughing, it is necessary to seize the opportunity to plow the soil and allow the soil to fully expose to weathering. Fine, open the cane trench after the spring.
In the process of soil preparation, the water field cane must carefully dig irrigation and drainage channels in accordance with the topography. In the flat terrain of the sugar cane, drainage trenches must be excavated in all directions. The depth of the ditch must be 50 to 70 cm in order to cut off the infiltration of water from all sides. The trunk or branch can be no less than 40-50 cm deep. If the cane is not flat, drains should be installed at low elevations. Drains should be provided from high to low according to the direction of the source. .
(II) Digging of Cane Ditch
Planting cane ditch depth is generally 30 to 35 cm, bottom width of 20 to 25 cm, poor drainage, higher groundwater table can be appropriate shallow some sugar cane, deep soil, drainage cane area can be deeper. The row spacing between sugarcane canals is between 90 and 110cm. In cane areas where the average annual temperature is above 20°C (such as Yuanjiang, Ruili, and Ganjiangba), sugarcane sprouts quickly, has more tillers, and has a long extension period. Select 100 The row spacing of ~110 cm is more appropriate. In the south subtropical sugarcane area with an average temperature of 18 to 19.9°C, it is advisable to choose a row spacing of 90 to 10 cm.
(3) Basal Fertilizer before Breeding
After the excavation, the sugar cane ditch is applied to the bottom of the plant. The weight of the organic fertilizer is 1500 kg per acre of base fertilizer, 15 to 20 kg of urea, 50 to 60 kg of calcium sulfate, and 20 kg of potassium sulfate (or potassium chloride). Mix evenly in the ditch, and then use a hoe to ditch the ditch to mix the soil and fertilizer.
(IV) Variety Selection and Seedling Treatment
The selection of good varieties is one of the key measures for high yields. In paddy fields, medium and large stems or large stems, good yield potential, and strong perennial varieties, such as Xintai Sugar No. 10, Xintai Sugar No. 16 and Xintai Sugar No. 22, should be selected. Cloud cane 81/173, cloud cane 89/151, cane 89/7, Fu Nong 91/21, caramel 69/421 and so on. The planting sugarcane garden should choose a new planting sugarcane garden with robust growth, no miscellaneous, and no pests and diseases. The seedlings are planted with upper plant cane stalks, cut 2 to 3 buds, cut along the sugarcane stems, and grow short and long. Cut into bevels. Cut out the sugarcane seed with 5 ~ 8% lime water seed (two hoe lice) or use carbendazim soaking, to reduce pests and diseases and increase sugarcane germination rate.
(five) the next cultivation
1. Cultivation time: High-yielding cultivation of sugarcane in paddy field requires early time. There is a frosted sugarcane area. Seeds are planted in the “spring†to “spring equinox†type. The sooner the better, there is no frosty sugarcane area, and the winter planting cane film is used to cover the area. Using the characteristics of rapid temperature rise in Yunnan in February, March and April, we strive to get early emergence and lay the foundation for early jointing.
2. Cultivation density: The density of the following species is determined according to the row spacing. The sugarcane field with a row spacing of 100 to 110 cm is suitable for 7000 mu, and 8000 buds are suitable for a row spacing of 90 to 100 cm.
3. The next way: according to the amount of the next species can take two rows or two pairs of air-to-air seeding, sugarcane planted flat in the cane ditch, buds on both sides, two rows of seedlings to maintain a distance of 10 cm, covering the thickness of 3 ~ 4 cm.
(6) Apply herbicides and film coverage timely
After the sugar cane is planted, it is necessary to timely irrigate the seedlings, and it is advisable to use the ditch water for the emergence of the seedlings to avoid the accumulation of water in the fields and prevent the loss of the base fertilizer. After 2 to 5 days after irrigation, 40% of atrazine 200 to 250 ml or 80% of arson 100 to 130 g of herbicide is used per acre to uniformly spray 60 kg of water on the cane top soil. Prevention and treatment of seedling grass "grass nest" hazard sugarcane seedlings. After the herbicide sprayed in the sugarcane field, the mulch is covered. The mulch film is required to adhere to the soil surface, compacted on both sides, not ventilated and breathable, and ensure that the translucent surface is more than 20 cm.
II. Field Management of Canned Sugar Cane Garden
Field management is an important guarantee for realizing tons of sugar per hectare of sugar cane. In the field management of tons of sugar fields, the demand characteristics of light, temperature, water, and fertilizer in four different growth periods of sugarcane seedlings, tillers, elongation, and maturation are effectively grasped. Good irrigation and drainage, fertilization, and prevention of pests and weeds create a good environment for the normal growth of sugar cane.
(1) The strong seedlings promote stimulating, promote and control the integration, and do a good job in field management at seedling stage
Film covered sugar cane, due to the high temperature within the film, the soil moisture is uniform, generally 2 months later will be able to reach the Qimiao, Qimiao sugarcane land must be timely uncover, after uncovering the film, it is necessary to revolve around the "strong seedlings to promote" For field management, one is to apply strong seedlings, 30 to 40 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, and other sugarcane land that is harmed by underground insects such as locusts, sugarcane toads, etc., and mix pesticides and topdressing evenly in small soils. Apply to the base of the cane to fertilize the soil; second, pay attention to “enhance and control the combination†during the parturition period, and promote the development of the root system. According to the soil moisture content, irrigation is generally performed when the soil moisture content is less than 50% of the maximum field water holding capacity. Irrigation should be shallow irrigation, and irrigation volume should be gradually increased.
(2) Re-apply the combination of stemming fertilizer, large soil, irrigation and drainage to maximize the growth of the extension period.
At the end of May and early June, sugarcane in paddy field has begun jointing, the area of ​​cane stems and leaves has increased dramatically, and the extension period is the most critical period for the formation of sugarcane production. Management should make full use of favorable conditions such as high temperature, strong light, and rainy weather in summer and autumn in Yunnan. Promote sugarcane growth.
1. Timely re-apply attack stem fat and earth
Each mus of 40-50 kg of urea (or other corresponding nitrogen fertilizer) and 40 kg of normal calcium are mixed together for one application, and large earths are to be used. The required soil is full and the height is not less than 30 cm. This will not only distribute the cane stalks uniformly, but also It can also promote the development of the root system. At the same time, it can pressurize the invalid tillers to achieve the purpose of equalization and ensure the effective elongation of the sugarcane plant.
2. Due to time, do a good job irrigation and drainage
Sugarcane elongation is the period with the largest amount of water demand. At the same time, this time is also the period when rainfall is concentrated in Yunnan. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to irrigation and drainage in the sugarcane field during the extension period. The first is to clean the ditches around the excavation and canals in the middle of the cane to facilitate drainage before the rainy season begins. Second, the irrigation is conducted according to the weather conditions. If the rainfall is more uniform, no irrigation or less irrigation is needed, but if there is a gap Drought must be promptly irrigated. During the entire extended period, we must keep the soil moist. The sensory index is guttering, and there are footprints instead of clay.
3. Timely control of sugarcane pests and weeds
After the soil is cultivated, 40% of Atrazine 200-250 ml per acre, and Agromon 100-130 grams of soil-enclosed herbicide are evenly sprayed to control weeds.
During the extension period, the temperature is high, the humidity is high, and pests and diseases are easy to breed and spread rapidly under suitable conditions. Therefore, prevention and control of cottonseed meal, powder and brown stripe disease, maculopathy, and eye spot disease should be carried out. On the basis of the prevention and control of the underground pests of sugarcane in the early stage, attention should be paid to prevention and control of sugarcane and pupa in June and July. In the prevention and control of diseases, we must first strengthen water and fertilizer management, prevent and control stagnant water in the sugarcane field, remove old dead leaves in time, and inefficient plants should be inactivated so that the field can be ventilated, reduce the humidity in the field, and reduce the occurrence of diseases; in fertilization, more phosphorus should be applied. Potash fertilizer to avoid re-application of nitrogen fertilizer. For severely affected land masses, appropriate pesticides should be used for spray control.
(III) Supplementing Shi Tzu Tail Fertilizer
During the extension period, sugar cane grows quickly, requires a large amount of fertilizer, and is easily defertilized in the later period, which affects the yield. Therefore, in the late stage of extension, it is necessary to make timely application of strong tail fertilizer in the middle and late August, and to use the available nitrogen fertilizer for the stern tail fertilizer, generally 20-30 acres. Kilograms of ammonium bicarbonate are suitable, applied to the roots, and suitable for earthing. The amount of fertilizer should not be too much, the time should not be too late, so as not to cause sugarcane late maturity, affect the accumulation of sucrose.
(D) timely spray growth regulator
Spraying growth regulators to promote the physiological balance of sugarcane plants, regulating large and medium-sized and trace elements, and providing a balanced supply of sugarcane growth and development are important guarantees for high-yield cultivation of sugarcane. According to the characteristics of growth and development of sugarcane at various stages, it is sprayed during the period of tillering and elongation. Application of nutrition regulators, the effect is more obvious.
Commonly used are:
1. BR120: Mu using BR120 1:3000 ~ 5000 times liquid (ie 10 ml of water to 30 to 50 kg, or 3.34 to 10 to 15 kg of water) for foliar spray.
Sui Manfeng: 100 acres of water used for 500 times foliar spray;
Gaim conditioner: Acres with 100 ml water 800 times spray;
Shi Fengle: Use 1 gram of Mu on 50 grams of white wine or alcohol to dissolve in water at the concentration of 20 mg/kg.
(5) Appropriate control of late water and promotion of sucrose conversion
Sugarcane in paddy fields generally enters the mature period from mid-November to early-September. The climatic and ecological environment with strong sunshine, air drying, and large temperature difference between day and night is conducive to the accumulation of sucrose. Therefore, in the mature period, field management should pay attention to controlling the humidity of certain fields and keep The "Run" state is more appropriate. During this period of irrigation, it is advisable to use "Happy Valley Water" once a month, shallow water over the ditch, and it should not be soaked for a long time. One month before harvest, it is not suitable to water, keep the field “dry†and promote sugarcane to mature.
(6) Timely Harvest, Quick and Low Cut
In order to ensure the sprouting of ratoon sugar cane, the new planting sugarcane should be better chopped and harvested after the beginning of spring to avoid the effects of low temperature and frost on sugarcane sprouts in the sugarcane area of ​​Yunnan in January; In centimeters, the sugarcane pile is not exposed. The low-cut of the small sorghum is not only beneficial to the high yield of sugarcane in the year, but also conduces to the germination of the second-year perennial sugarcane, laying a good foundation for the continuous high yield of sugarcane. (Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sugarcane Research Institute)
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