First, the fertilizer-free technology for growing vegetables
1. Types of Fertilizers
1. Farmyard fertilizers: such as compost, animal manure, biogas slurry, green manure, crop straw, mud, and cake fertilizer. Among these, high-temperature composting is strongly recommended.
2. Biological bacterial fertilizers: including humic acid-based fertilizers, rhizobium fertilizers, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria fertilizers, and compound microbial fertilizers.
3. Inorganic mineral fertilizers: such as potassium sulfate, potassium magnesium sulfate, and rock phosphate.
4. Trace element fertilizers: composed mainly of copper, iron, boron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, and other essential micronutrients.
5. Other organic fertilizers: such as bone meal, amino acid residues, livestock waste, and sugar factory byproducts.
2. Key Considerations
1. The use of nitrate-based nitrogen fertilizers is strictly prohibited. Different vegetable types vary in their ability to accumulate nitrates, with leafy vegetables typically accumulating more than fruit-bearing ones. Additionally, environmental conditions like temperature and light intensity affect nitrate levels—higher temperatures and strong sunlight reduce accumulation, while low temperatures and weak light increase it. Therefore, during fertilization, it's important to consider the type of vegetable, growing season, and climate, and apply chemical fertilizers in a controlled manner to keep nitrate levels within safe limits for pesticide-free vegetables.
2. Limit fertilizer application to no more than 25 kg per acre. Using biological nitrogen fertilizers is an effective way to reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers significantly improve plant resilience, especially for tuber crops like potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potatoes, and ginger. During the growing phase, it's advisable to supplement with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
3. Use foliar sprays sparingly. Always combine fertilizers with organic materials, maintaining a ratio of 2 parts organic nitrogen to 1 part inorganic nitrogen.
4. Ensure that animal manure and urine are fully fermented before application. After top-dressing, water the plants with clean water to avoid burning.
5. Apply fertilizers early and deeply to minimize nitrogen loss and enhance nutrient uptake. Early application helps plants grow faster and maintain longer growth periods, reducing nitrate buildup. Ammonium nitrogen should be applied below 6 cm soil depth, while urea should be placed at least 10 cm deep.
6. Apply fertilizers at least 30 days before harvest to ensure safety and quality.
Second, Pest Control Techniques
1. Plant ash liquid for pest control: Soak 10 kg of plant ash in 50 kg of water for 24 hours. The filtrate can effectively control aphids and whiteflies. Adding a small amount of trichlorfon enhances the insecticidal effect. For onion flies or leek maggots, spread 20–30 kg of plant ash per mu (approx. 667 sq.m) to both treat pests and boost yield.
2. Tobacco worm solution: A safe, natural, and cost-effective method using tobacco leaves. Mix 1 kg of tobacco leaves with 40 liters of water, soak overnight, then crush and filter. Repeat the process four times to extract the full insecticidal juice. Apply about 50 kg per acre to control locusts, flea beetles, and other pests.
3. Castor leaf insecticide: Easily available and effective, this method also acts as an organic fertilizer. Soak castor leaves in water for 12 hours, then spray the solution on the leaves. Alternatively, dry and grind the leaves, mix with soil, or soak them in water for 12 hours and spray. This helps control caterpillars, beetles, and other pests.
4. Urine-washing mixture: A combination of detergent powder, urea, and water in a 1:4:400 ratio. It controls vegetable worms with over 90% effectiveness.
5. Brown sugar liquid for disease prevention: Dissolve 300g of brown sugar in 500ml of water, add 10g of yeast, and let it ferment for 15–20 days. Add 100g of rice vinegar and shochu liquor to the mixture, dilute with 100kg of water, and spray every 10 days for 4–5 times to prevent cucumber bacterial spot and gray mold.
6. Pig bile liquid for pest control: Mix 10% pig bile with baking soda and detergent. It prevents eggplant blight and pepper anthracnose, and repels aphids, cabbage caterpillars, and snails. The solution remains effective for up to 10 days.
7. Rabbit manure to control cutworms: Mix 1kg of rabbit manure with 10kg of water, let it ferment for 15–20 days, and pour it around the roots of vegetables to deter cutworms.
8. Lime to control snails: Spread fine, sieved lime powder on the surface of the field or between rows when the weather is dry. Snails will dry out upon contact with the lime, but it is ineffective during rainy days.
9. Flour paste to trap spider mites: Mix 250g of flour with 2kg of water, then add 8kg of boiling water. Cool and spray directly on the back of infested leaves. Spider mites will get stuck in the paste and die within 10 minutes. Best applied after 2 PM.
10. Insect pest control: Collect 100g of dead cabbage worms, soak in 200ml of water for 24 hours, filter, and dilute with 50kg of clean water. Add 50g of detergent and spray on affected vegetables to control cabbage caterpillars effectively.
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