First, the fertilization period and methods 1. Basal fertilizer is usually applied in the fall or spring as a base fertilizer, such as manure, soil manure and other organic fertilizers, and appropriate amount of superphosphate and nitrogen fertilizer to improve fertilizer efficiency. Autumn basal fertilization is the second highest peak in the roots of peach trees. The roots are easily healed and new roots can be issued. Combined application of organic fertilizer with appropriate amount of quick-effect fertilizer can increase the amount of fertilizer absorbed by the roots in autumn, thus increasing the storage and nutrient levels of peach trees in the autumn, enriching flower buds, enhancing wintering ability, and having good effects on flowering and fruit setting in the following year. However, autumn Shiji should not be late as soon as possible. The shortcomings of schistosomiasis in spring are that the fertilizer effect is slow. In the early spring, roots cannot be supplied and utilized in time. At the same time, root healing also consumes nutrients, which is unfavorable to a series of physiological activities in early spring. Therefore, it is best not to use basal fertilizer in spring. When applying fertilizer, it must adapt to the distribution characteristics of peach root system. The distribution characteristics of the peach root system are, in general, distributed in the range of about 1 meter on the inside of the edge of the canopy. The distribution depth is generally within 50 cm below the ground and is the largest in the range of 10 to 30 cm. Therefore, the basal fertilizer application must be deep, and the sapling or early fruit period peaches should be mainly fertilized, while the adult tree should be combined with furrow application and application. The site of fertilization is at the outer edge of the vertical projection of the crown to induce deep root development. Sunlight greenhouses have high density, and they can be used for ditching between plants and rows, and it is advisable to apply a depth of 45 to 65 cm. The appendage also requires the combination of fall turning to turn the fat into 20 cm or less. The amount of fertilizer applied is 60% to 80% of the annual application amount. 2. The frequency and frequency of dressing application varies with species, soil quality, age, and tree vigor. During fertilization and fertilization in a year, the types of fertilization are as follows: (1) Normal nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer before flowering, and appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer is used to promote sprouting and make flowering neat, increase fruit setting rate, and increase shoot growth. (2) The top-dressing fertilizer in the hard-core stage should be carried out before the hard core of peach, and nitrogen-based compound fertilizer should be applied. Due to the development of the seed nucleus, the hard nucleus consumes a lot of nutrients, and timely top dressing can promote the development of the nucleus and the differentiation of flower buds, not only increasing the output of the year, but also having an important effect on the yield of the second year. (3) Before harvesting, the fruit is rapidly expanded 2 to 3 weeks before harvesting, and the topdressing fertilizer is mainly potassium. Can increase fruit, increase coloring, increase sugar content, improve fruit quality. (4) The post-harvest dressing fruit consumes a lot of tree nutrients from development to maturity. Therefore, from the 9th to the 10th month after harvesting, nitrogen fertilizers should be supplemented with phosphate fertilizers to promote root growth, delay leaf senescence, restore tree vigor, enhance leaf photosynthetic capacity, and increase storage of nutrients in the autumn storage of trees. Make the branch buds full, improve the cold resistance, lay the foundation for the yield of peach trees in the following year. (5) The extra-root fertilizer can be applied all year round, but it is better to use the early stage of peach growth. The effect is usually seen within 10 to 15 days after application, but the effect disappears within 25 to 30 days. It is simple and easy to apply topdressing outside the roots, with a small amount of fertilizer, and has a rapid effect. It can timely supplement the urgent needs of peaches for nutrients, and can avoid the chemical and biological fixation effects of phosphorus and potassium in the soil. It is even more important to spray fertilizer on water shortage seasons or in water-deficient areas and saline soils. Foliar spraying fertilizer mainly enters the leaves through the stomata on the leaves and is transported to the various organs of the tree. Generally after 15 minutes to 2 hours after spraying, it can be absorbed by the leaves. The intensity and speed of absorption are related to leaf age, fertilizer composition, and solution concentration. Due to the vigorous physiological function of the young leaves, the area occupied by the stomata is larger than that of the old leaves. Therefore, it is absorbed faster than the old leaves. The back of the leaves has more stomata than the front of the leaves, and the cell gap is large and numerous, which is favorable for absorption and infiltration. Therefore, the fertilizer must be sprayed to the back of the leaves when spraying fertilizer. The type and concentration of peach fertilizer vary depending on the age, tree vigor, etc. Saplings should be sprayed with potash fertilizer, which can improve cold resistance and early results. In the early stage of adult trees, nitrogen injection was the main factor, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were appropriately increased in the later stage. Phosphorus and potassium are the major pollutants in Wangshu, and nitrogen is the main pollutant in weak trees. Foliar spray fertilizer method: peach is mainly sprayed on the back of the blade. Spraying time is best before 10 o'clock in the morning, after 4 o'clock in the afternoon, to avoid spraying fertilizer at high temperature at noon to avoid fertilizer damage. In order to save labor and time, spray can also be sprayed together. However, it should be noted that repeated application of fertilizers throughout the year will weaken the absorption function of the root system. At the same time, spray fertilizers cannot replace the synthesis and storage of root systems. Therefore, spray fertilizer must be combined with fertilization. Second, the amount of fertilizer, whether it is basal fertilizer, or topdressing, must be sufficient according to their needs, so that not only can make the tree grow robust, but also to obtain high yield. The amount of fertilizer to be determined in production should be based on the following aspects: 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer according to the actual demand of peach. Due to the difference in species, age, vigor, and amount of results, the amount of fertilizer should be different. Large trees, weak trees, trees with large results, and varieties of large-scale and large-sized water need to be applied more often, and vice versa. 2. According to soil conditions fertilization soil different fertilization amount is also different. In general, the soil in mountainous, sandy, and saline-alkali lands is thin, and the annual application of base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer is greater, and the soil with fertile soil should be less. At the same time, the management level and the nutrient content of the soil should also be considered differently to increase or decrease the amount of fertilizer. 3. According to the quality and properties of fertilizers, fertilizers with different fertilization levels have different nutrient contents and different contents. In greenhouses, cultivated peaches require planting in the year and flowering in the same year. Therefore, the requirements for fertilizers are more stringent. During planting, dig trenches for basal fertilization; in the month of June after germination, 50 grams of urea was applied to each peach tree; before the rainy season in July, 250 grams of soybean cake was applied to each peach plant (after fermentation), and 100 grams of special fertilizer for fruit trees were added; 9 - In the autumn of October, basal fertilization was performed. Each peach plant had 15 kg of soil manure and 100 g of diammonium phosphate and 100 g of potassium sulfate. During the growing season, the spraying of leaves is sprayed 3 to 4 times, and the pre-spraying vitality factor is 1000 times plus urea 0.3% to 0.5%. After the shed, each cultivating 100 grams of urea and 100 grams of diammonium phosphate before flowering; before the hard nucleus, 250 grams of special fertilizer for each tree; before harvesting, 100 grams of special fertilizer for each tree, 150 grams of potassium sulfate; Afterwards, 30 kg of soil manure was added to each soil and 250 g of diammonium phosphate was added. Fertilization Management 1. Peach Fertilization Technique Peach is a tree species requiring more potassium, and more potassium fertilizer should be applied during fertilization. In recent years, due to the high pH of the soil in regions throughout China, especially in North China, iron deficiency yellow leaf disease is prone to occur, and attention should be paid to improving soil environment or increasing effective iron. (1) Basal fertilizer 1. Early application of fruits after harvesting, generally in September, no basal peach in autumn, supplemented after spring soil thawing. 2. Fertilizer amount generally accounts for 50% to 80% of the fertilization amount and 4,000 to 5,000 kilograms per 667 meters. 3. The fertilization type is based on decomposed farmyard fertilizers, and appropriate amounts of quick-acting fertilizers and trace element fertilizers (superphosphate, borax, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, etc.) are added. 4. Fertilization method The root system of peach is relatively shallow, mostly distributed within a depth of 20 to 50 cm. Therefore, the fertilization depth should be 30 to 40 cm. In general, there are annular furrows, radiation furrows, barges, and garden gardens. Ring groove is applied to the periphery of the crown to open a groove around the tree. The depth of the groove is 30-40 cm, and the width of the groove is 30-40 cm. The organic fertilizer is evenly applied to the groove, and the filling is smoothed. The radiation channel is applied from the side of the trunk to the periphery of the tree canopy to fertilize several radiation channels. Articles are applied on the east and west sides of the tree or on both sides of the tree, and the strips are fertilized. However, the position needs to be changed every year in order to balance fertility. The general garden of Pu Shi, the amount of fertilizer is large and uniform, plowing after application, generally should be deep-turned 30 cm. 5. Notes on the application of base fertilizer (1) When applying base fertilizer to dig pits, be careful not to injure large roots, so as to avoid damage too much, and it cannot be restored for several years, which will affect the absorption area too much. (2) Base fertilizer must be prepared as soon as possible so that it can be applied in a timely manner. The applied fertilizer must first be decomposed, because the application of fresh organic fertilizer requires decomposition and decomposition in the soil. During the decomposition process, a large amount of heat, carbon dioxide, and a large amount of water must be absorbed to affect the growth of the root system and even to decompose it. The micro-organisms also absorb nitrogen from the soil during their own breeding process, compete with water and compete with peaches, and are prone to produce fertilizer. (3) The application of the same amount of fertilizer in successive years is better than that in the next year. This is because each year when organic fertilizers are applied, some fine roots are damaged, which acts as a root trimming to make more new roots. At the same time, turning the soil once a year can also loosen the soil, accelerate the integration of soil and fertilizer, and help the soil mature. (4) Mixed application of organic fertilizer and insoluble fertilizer and trace element fertilizer. Some insoluble fertilizers, such as those used in combination with organic fertilizers, can increase their effectiveness. The appropriate amount of boron can be added to the base fertilizer, generally 15.0 to 22.5 kg of boric acid per hectare, 30 to 45 kg of ferrous sulfate and organic fertilizer are mixed and then applied. (5) To constantly change the fertilization site. (6) Appropriate depth of fertilization should not be applied on the ground or by pressure soil fertilization. 6. The straw returned to the field does not pass through the stacking process and is directly buried in the soil. It functions as a fertility increase and is called straw returning. The application of straw directly to the field is a simple and easy way to increase the soil organic matter, fertilize the soil and strengthen the construction of the land. The role of straw returning: (1) Improve soil physical properties. The application of fresh straw to the field will have a faster effect on improving soil properties than other organic fertilizers. Because the straw contains more crude fiber, it can form a large amount of active humus in the soil, which is easy to combine with the soil particles, promote the formation of aggregate structure, and can also avoid the application of straw after maturity, humus due to dry denaturation, reduce the effect of soil improvement. . (2) Promote soil microbial activity. Straw returning can promote the activity of soil microorganisms, which is conducive to the accumulation and release of soil nutrients. As a carbon-rich energy material, crop stalks are directly applied to the soil, which will enable various microorganisms to obtain nutrients from the stalks and thus multiply them, which will play an important role in the accumulation and release of nutrients in the soil. . Organic acids produced during the decomposition of fresh straw are also conducive to the dissolution and release of insoluble soil nutrients. The method of returning straw to the field: The deep-buried method can be applied to combine other organic fertilizers such as manure and compost. In the canopy or between the canopy, 40 to 50 cm in depth and 50 cm in width to form a ditch. When the ditch is opened, the topsoil and the subsoil will be placed on both sides. At the same time, attention shall be paid to the protection of large roots in the ditch. The root below 1 cm in diameter is in the ditch. To expose 5 to 10 cm short cuts, in order to facilitate the development of new roots. Then, the prepared straw is fully mixed with fertilizer and topsoil and then buried in the ditch. The water can be applied practically and the amount of hectare applied is about 60000 kg. Problems to be paid attention to when returning straw to the field: (1) When the straw is returned to the field directly, in order to solve the conflict between fruit trees and microorganisms for quick-acting nutrients, it can be solved by adding nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. (2) It is better to crush and apply corn stalks in advance, and pay attention to timely watering after application, in order to promote the decomposition of rot, for fruit trees to absorb and use. In addition, compared with high-temperature compost, direct return of straw, without high-temperature fermentation, can lead to the spread of various diseases, therefore, should avoid the direct return of straw with pests and diseases. (B) Soil Topdressing Topdressing is the application of fertilizers during the growing season to meet the special needs of certain nutrients for different growth and development processes. The top dressing is to apply the quick-acting fertilizer near the roots so that the nutrients can be absorbed into all parts of the plant through the roots, especially the growth center. The top-dressing period was before and after sprouting, the hard-nuclear period of the fruit, the fruit-boosting fertilizer, and the harvesting. In the early stage of growth, nitrogen fertilizer is dominant, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are the main components in the middle and late growth stages. Potassium fertilizer should be based on potassium sulfate. See the following table for fertilization periods and types. It is worth noting that irrigation must be performed after each fertilization. Table. Peach soil fertilization time, fertilizer type, number of phenophases, role Fertilizer type 1 Before and after germination March and mid-March supplement the lack of previous year tree storage nutrients, promote root and shoot growth, increase fruit set rate is dominated by nitrogen fertilizer When the autumn fertilization application of phosphate fertilizer is not applied, the addition of phosphate fertilizer 2 hard core period from late May to early June promotes the development of fruit nucleus and embryos, fruit growth and flower bud differentiation NPK combined application. The main phosphorus and potassium fertilizer 3 urging fruit fertilizer 20-30 days before maturity, fruit enlargement is promoted, and the quality of fruit and flower bud differentiation quality are improved mainly by potash fertilizer. In combination with nitrogen fertilizer, post-harvest fertilizer and fruit recovery will restore the tree vigor so that the branch buds will be full and full, and the storage nutrition of the tree will be increased. Cold resistance is dominated by nitrogen fertilizer, combined with a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, only for the results of large-scale, weak tree fertilization, a small amount of fertilizer (c) foliar spray fertilizer spraying 0.2% to 0.5% of borax in the flowering period, the growth phase Spray 0.1% to 0.4% of zinc sulfate. Spraying organic iron preparations when iron is lacking. Throughout the growing season, 3-4 times of 0.3%-0.4% urea and 0.2%-0.4% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed. The following problems should be paid attention to when dressing fertilizers outside the roots: 1. In the absence of fertilizer damage, use high concentrations as much as possible in order to ensure that the plant's nutrient needs are maximized and the absorption of fertilizers is accelerated. The determination of suitable concentrations of top dressings outside roots is related to the growth period and climatic conditions. The young leaf concentration should be low, mature leaves should be high. Areas with more rainfall can be higher, and vice versa. 2. The frequency of fertilizer application outside the root fertilizer is generally low, and the amount of each fertilizer is small. Each time 1% urea solution is sprayed, the amount per hectare is still less than 30 kg. This amount is much lower than the demand, and spray The effect is good within 5 days, and the effect is significantly reduced or invalid after 20 days. Therefore, fertilizers such as urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate should increase the number of sprays to obtain the desired effect. Urea should be used in the early and late stages of growth, spraying 0.3% solution 3 to 5 times. Calcium superphosphate should be sprayed in the early stages of fruit growth and before fruit harvesting. Generally, it can be sprayed 2 or 3 times. In order to improve the storage tolerance of fresh peaches, a 1.5% calcium acetate solution can be sprayed twice within one month before harvesting. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and plant ash should be sprayed in the middle and late stages of growth, and can be sprayed 4 to 5 times, especially in the fruit coloring period and after fruit picking to defoliation. It has a good promoting effect on improving fruit quality and promoting flower bud differentiation. 3. Must be sprayed at the right time When the element needed for peach is lacking, spraying the element works best. 4. To determine the best spray site different nutrients move in the body is not the same, therefore, the spray site should be different, especially the slow flow of trace elements in the tree body, preferably applied directly to the desired organ . 5. Select the best fertilizer time Spray fertilizer in hot weather, it is best to choose no wind or breeze sunny before 10 o'clock in the morning or after 4 pm spraying. When the temperature is high, the droplets of top-dressing fertilizer should not be too small to prevent the rapid evaporation of water. When the humidity is high, the effect of spraying fertilizers outside the root is ideal. 6. Precautions for preparation of foliar fertilizer (1) Superphosphate soaking time should be longer. Superphosphate can only be soaked in water for 16-18 hours to dissolve the active ingredient. (2) Borax should be dissolved with boiling water first. (3) The preparation of potassium permanganate should use clean cold water. (4) Preparation of ferrous sulfate. The ferrous sulphate has a relatively high alkaline content of water or calcium and is liable to form precipitates. In the preparation, 10 ml of organic acid or 100 to 200 ml of vinegar can be added to 100 kg of water, and the acidified water is added. Iron preparation solution. Second, the factors affecting the amount of fertilizer 1. Variety of open varieties such as Okubo growth is weak, the results are early, should be more fertilization; erect varieties of vigorous growth, can be less appropriate amount of fertilization. Fruits with high fruit setting rate and high yield should be fertilized; 2. Tree age, tree vigor and yield The tree age, vigor and yield are interrelated. The young trees are generally strong and have low yields. They can use less nitrogen and apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. As the adult tree’s tree vigor weakens and its yield increases, more fertilizer should be applied. Note the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers to maintain the balance between growth and results. As aging trees grow weaker and yields decrease, nitrogen fertilizers should be added to promote shoot growth and rejuvenation. Generally, the amount of fertilization for young saplings is 20% to 30% of adult trees, and 4 to 5 years for mature trees is 50% to 60% of adult trees. Trees over 6 years old reach the fertilizing amount in full fruit period. 3. Soil fertility The amount of fertilization should be increased in the thin sandy lands and slopes. Fertile land, should reduce the amount of fertilizer.
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