1 Foreword Since the reform and opening up, China's hog industry has rapidly transitioned from sideline production to commercialization. The pace of development has attracted worldwide attention. From 978 to 1988, China's annual output of pork increased from 10.01 million tons to 20.18 million tons. The output doubled; from 1988 to 1996, the annual output of pork increased from 20.18 million tons to 40.57 million tons, which doubled the output of the second time. Despite the decline in pig production during the period of 1998-1999 due to the impact of domestic and international environment, it has shown a recovery after entering the new century. In 2000, the pork production reached 40.36 million tons, which increased to 45.18 million tons in 2003.
With the development of large-scale swine production, the formation of regional swine production, and the gradual expansion of the pork market, the development of swine leading enterprises has been promoted. The meat processing enterprises, large-scale swine companies, and feed processing enterprises have certain strengths. Professional market cooperation intermediary organizations and leading enterprises have gradually emerged as a bridge linking pig production bases, specialized households and markets, and organic integration of pig production, production, and sales. The distribution of interests in all sectors tends to be reasonable, and there is an integrated business model of production, supply and sales, and a pattern of industrialization of pigs has emerged. With the development of pig industrialized management, different characteristics of the industrialized business model, such as company + farmer type, company + base + farmer type, company + park with farmer type and so on. In particular, after China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, the pace of adjustment of pig production structure has been noticeably accelerated, pig production has become increasingly closely linked to the international market, and the implementation of “industrialization managementâ€, “safety-free production†and “brand strategy†have become The only way to develop pigs of "quality and efficiency" type.
Pigs are the material basis for pig production. Among the many factors that affect pig production efficiency, the performance of pig breeds plays a leading role. Only pig breeds with excellent performance can obtain maximum output and benefits under the same feeding conditions. There are more than 200 lean-breeding swine farms in China, and a considerable number of breeding pigs are imported from abroad each year. The swine herd size is the largest in the world. However, due to the unsatisfactory breeding of pigs and the imperfect breeding system, the performance of breeding pigs has deteriorated significantly. The genetic resources of improved varieties have not been fully utilized, which seriously restricts the production level and benefits of pig production in China, and is incompatible with the position of the world’s largest pig country.
At present, the percentage of hog sows in slaughter pigs in most of the country is only about 50%. The slaughter rate of commercial pigs is about 130%, while that of developed countries is more than 160%; the number of pigs provided per sow is 15 per year, while that of developed countries is 22; the weight of pork is provided by each pig, both the European Union and the United States At 144 kg, 130 kg for Japan, 140 kg for South Korea, and 99 kg for China. The average lean meat percentage of slaughtered pigs in China is only 50%, and the advanced pig raising countries are generally over 60%. In the international market, China's live pig population and pork production both account for 50% of the world's total, but pork exports only account for 3% of the world's total pork exports, and export pork prices are about 30% lower than US exports of pork.
Therefore, in order to adapt to the healthy, sustainable and stable development of pig industry in China, and to participate in the competition in the international market, we must adopt corresponding strategic measures for the problems in pig breeding and pig breeding in China.
2 Key Issues in Pig Breeding in China The key issue in pig breeding in China is the lack of effective breeding organizations. In pig-raising countries, swine breeding organizations mainly include breeder associations and breeding companies. The Breeders' Association is a joint establishment of sports fields and is certified by the government. The association establishes a management committee responsible for the revision of breeding objectives, registration of breeding pigs, provision of technical consultations, and organization of sales of breeding pigs. The Breeders' Association is a non-commercial organization and its funding source is mainly funded by membership and dues. When the government needs to implement certain projects through the breeders' association, it also provides some financial support. The Breeders' Association regularly organizes auctions of breeding pigs. At the auction, the boars are subject to national identification and certification work according to breeding regulations. Only boars certified and certified by the State are allowed in breeding and production groups. In addition to organizing auctions, the breeders' association also organizes sales within the premises. Before the emergence of breeding companies, pig breeding was carried out by government organizations through the Breeders' Association.
Breeding enterprises are commercial breeding organizations that were developed in the 1930s with the promotion of cross-breeding systems for pigs. They are a combination of a large-scale breeder's farm and a number of contract farms to implement a hybrid breeding program. Breeding companies mainly include breeding departments, veterinary epidemic prevention departments, sales and consulting departments, and business management departments. The breeding department is responsible for the breeding of basic breeding populations, the development of new strains, and the screening of new cross combinations. Since breeding companies generally have a vertically integrated structure that expands from basic groups to breeding pigs to commodity farms, each level can sign purchase and sales contracts with each other based on sales plans, so that the former level has obligations to the latter level. According to the amount, according to quality, on time to provide breeding pigs, to achieve fixed-line production. At present, there are influential domestic breeding companies that provide supporting systems, mainly PIC, Siger and other multinational companies in the domestic joint ventures, their original species are in foreign countries, the domestic part only undertake the task of expansion. Of course, this can also promote pig breeding. The rapid development of intensive chicken production in China in the past 20 years has mainly depended on the expansion of the products of foreign breeding companies in China.
Obviously, most of China's breeding farms are currently in an embarrassing situation of "high and low prices." There are more than 200 lean-breeding pig farms across the country, but less than one-third of the total number of breeding pigs is more than 500. In order to increase the sales volume of breeding pigs, most breeding farms have raised more than one breed of pigs. The breeding population of individual breeders on the breeding farm is relatively small. Over the years, under the guidance of traditional closed-core group breeding ideas, each pig farm has its own front and few exchanges between each other, leading to the fact that pig breeding in China is generally unorganized, and breeding farms are independent and competitive. . Most breeder farms have no ability to develop into a typical breeder supporting the breeding company, but also feel that they can independently carry out breeding breeding work and are unwilling to unite, fearing that the advantages of joint products are threatened. Due to various constraints, although China established the Landrace Pig, Great White Pig, and Duroc Pig Breeding Cooperative Group in 1993, they are all confined to technical lectures and exchanges; the pig breeding stations built around the country have not been properly implemented. effect.
In terms of breeding methods, most of the breeding farms are still in the stage of selecting body types or appearances and phenotypes due to the lack of sufficient input and at the same time to care for the sales of breeding pigs. At the same time, in order to reduce the inbreeding recession of small-scale pigs, The family selection methods that retain ancestry are used, the breeding efficiency is generally low, the excellent genes are continuously lost, and the genetic level of herds declines year by year. In order to maintain the sales volume, pigs have to be eliminated, and a large number of breeding pigs are reintroduced into the introduction-proliferation-degradation. - Introduced situation. According to statistics, in the past 10 years, in order to meet the needs of large-scale swine breeding, China has introduced nearly 20,000 fine breeding pigs from the advanced pig-raising countries, including 7,208 pigs from Yorkshire, 3,779 Landing Pigs and 2,198 Durocs. On the whole, our country's breeding farms have become the breeding base for different levels of foreign breeding farms. The introduction of new pathogens in the large-scale live pig introduction process will lead to the occurrence of contagious diseases, which will seriously affect the normal production and management of the breeding farms, and there will be no breeding work at all.
It can be expected that China's breeding pig industry will present the following five development models: 1. Foreign breeding companies will establish a multiplication base in China by means of a joint venture or sole proprietorship, promote their supporting systems, and develop a production model similar to that of broilers and laying hens. , such as PIC, Siger, Dalan and other supporting systems; 2, more foreign breeding associations in China to set up offices to promote its member units of pure breeding pigs, such as the Danish Breeding Association, may also establish a breeding base in China 3, a few domestic large-scale and powerful animal husbandry enterprises combine other breeding farms, commercial pig farms or specialized pig breeding households into a breeding-breeding consortium, and take the “production-plus-distribution†integrated industrialization. Group management mode; 4. Breeding farms change the concept of breeding closed at the core group, adopt the “Blocking and Opening†combination of breeding methods, often introduce breeding pigs, improve the performance of herds, and reduce the pressure of in-transit. “Breeding but not combining†breeding mode;5. Breeding farms establish a regional breeding association and adopt the mode of joint breeding of purebred pigs. The first three modes belong to the mode of breeding enterprises and their breeding parties. The law belongs to the technical confidentiality of the enterprise and cannot be announced to the public. Its success is directly determined by the market share of the final product. At present, the most important task of the socialized pig breeding organization in China is to promote the fourth model and the fifth. The development and improvement of these models will involve the organization of a large number of medium-sized and small-scale pig farms in China, joint breeding work, improvement of breeding efficiency, and changes in the overall situation of becoming breeding bases for foreign breeding farms.
3 Combined breeding of pigs, also known as dispersal nucleus breeding, is the combination of the genetic resources of a number of medium and small breeder breeding sites to form a large core group, conduct a unified genetic assessment, and select the best breeder Pigs are used jointly by individual pig farms participating in joint breeding. From a technical point of view, combined breeding raises the level of pig breeding in the following areas.
Increase the size of the breeding population. Increasing the size of sows will help increase the selection intensity of male and female sows, thereby increasing the output of breeding, and at the same time reducing the breeding costs per unit of sows. These will promote the improvement of breeding efficiency. With the original small-scale group, the scale of the population will increase. The effect is more pronounced. That is to say, the smaller the population size, the higher the genetic development of combined breeding than non-combined breeding. The expansion of population size in sow lines results in a greater degree of improvement in breeding performance than in the boar line.
Reduce the number of boars. The fewer heads of male breeding boars, the greater the selection strength of boars and the higher the breeding progress, but at the same time it promotes the inbreeding speed of the population, so the best boar number is 8. In the current medium and small breeder breeding farms, the male-female ratio is only 10:1, and each breeding population generally retains more than 8 kinds of boars. However, after combined breeding, the boar can fully develop its breeding potential, and the proportion of males and females is high. 500:1 or more, so the number of breeding boars in the total breeding population is controlled at about eight, that is, maintaining a high selection intensity, and effectively reduce inbreeding decline.
Improve the reliability of selection. Because of the genetic relationship between the fields, the BLUP method can be used to improve the accuracy of genetic evaluation and improve the breeding efficiency. In particular, the heritability is about 10% of reproductive traits. The BLUP method can increase the breeding efficiency by more than 30%.
Shortening the population generation interval. The useful life of the core group boar can be effectively controlled. When the estimated breeding value of the reserve boar exceeds that of the boar, the existing boar group boar can be transferred to the breeding group or commodity group, which can effectively shorten the breeding population. Intervals improve breeding efficiency.
In order to realize the joint breeding of pigs, the member units must first form a benefit community in a certain way, establish common breeding objectives, adopt a consistent measurement and recording method and a unified genetic assessment program, and secondly, station various pigs through artificial insemination. A long-term, stable genetic link should be established between the fields. Therefore, joint breeding is not only a change in breeding technology, but also a change in the operating form of breeding pigs.
4 artificial insemination and combined breeding pig artificial insemination is artificially collected boar semen, after inspection and treatment, the qualified semen is delivered to the estrus sow to make it fetus. The application of artificial insemination in animal breeding has been more than 70 years old. It is still the most important biotechnology in livestock breeding. For example, artificial insemination plays a key role in dairy cattle breeding. The artificial insemination of pigs in China began in the 1950s and was transferred to the application since the 1960s. It has been popularized in many provinces, and therefore has a broad foundation in the pig industry in China. Currently, the use of artificial insemination has shown a good development trend. The swine artificial insemination service center has emerged all over the country to provide excellent boar semen and technical services for pig farms. For example, Beijing Haobang Pig Artificial Insemination Technology Service Center. Combining the advantages of government, enterprises, universities and research institutes, providing high quality boar semen for breeding pig farms and commercial pig farms at the same time helps the pig farms to improve their rearing effect. It was established only for more than one year and it was widely recognized by the pig industry. Semen products are in short supply.
The importance of artificial insemination for pig breeding is mainly reflected in the following aspects: By preserving semen of excellent sires or endangered species of communal animals, the use of communal livestock is not limited by their physiological age, and the preservation of genetic resources can be achieved; It is more convenient, economical and safe for pigs to use across groups or regions. It is easy to introduce genes from foreign populations; the reduction in the demand for boars can increase the selection strength of boars; the offspring of a large number of excellent sires can be obtained, thus accelerating the progress of genetics The diffusion rate; through the control of the use of comrades to establish a balanced population structure, improve the genetic parameters and breeding efficiency estimation efficiency. Compared with the original, 50% and 100% artificial insemination increased the cumulative genetic progress of the 10-year selection by 14% and 17%, respectively. Therefore, artificial insemination can solve the problem of large number and small scale of breeding pig farms in China. Realizing the joint breeding of pigs is also an economical and effective means to improve the efficiency of pig breeding and improve the breeding system of improved varieties.
At present, due to the inconsistent measurement methods and genetic evaluation methods used in breeding pigs of each farm, the genetic exchange records between them are also lacking, and the resulting genetic assessment results are not comparable, objective, reliable, and authoritative. In order to carry out joint breeding, after each breeding site has straightened out the interest distribution relationship, the small boars can be sent to a public measurement station according to a certain proportion, and the growth and fattening, carcass quality, and body shape appearance can be measured in a common environment.
With the high heritability of these traits, individual results can be selected to achieve high accuracy (h). For example, the heritability of backfat thickness is 0.50, and the accuracy of selection according to the individual's own performance can be as high as 0.71. A total of 300 boars were measured at one time in the existing bus station, and 900 pigs were measured 3 times a year. The 9 best boars were selected for artificial insemination. The seedling rate was 1%, and the selected intensity was 2.67. Very substantial genetic progress. After these tasks have been carried out to a certain extent, it is relatively easy to re-use the combined genetic analysis of multi-trait field-station scores for breeding, growth, fattening, and carcass records in each farm. Therefore, the current public performance measurement station should play an important role in joint breeding.
5 Concluding remarks According to China's existing national conditions, for a long time, it seems that it has not been possible to establish pig breeding organizations such as pig breeders' associations in developed countries. However, in several small and medium-sized breeder farms in a certain area, with the artificial insemination station as the core, the management form is changed to form a breeding interest community, and it is feasible to establish a simple and effective “breeding farm + determination station + artificial insemination station†joint breeding model. of.
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