Symptoms are shorter than healthy plants. At the early stage of the disease, the ear of panicle was very tight, the lower part of the panicle was swollen, the flag leaf was straight, and the white stick-like material was peeled off. The Umi in the zelkova leaves are small in the early stages and grow into fingers. The middle part of the Umi grows into a cylindrical shape and is harder. During the developmental process, Umi's internal tissues changed from white to black, followed by cracking. Umi stretched out from the inside and outside of the temporal lobe, and the surface covered albuginea also ruptured, exposing black filaments and black powder, ie, the remaining inflorescence Bundle tissue and pathogenic teliospores. Leaf lesions formed red-purple stripe spots on the leaves, long spindle-shaped stripe spots after expansion, and bursts in the middle of the later striae spots. Black spore piles were generated on the lesions and sporulation was small. The disease has been widespread and serious in Liaoning, Jilin and Shanxi.
Pathogen Sphacelotheca reiliana (Ktllln.) Clint. Synonyms Sorosporium reiliaum (Ktlhn.) Mc. Alp. Called sorghum filament pink turf, belongs to Basidiomycotina fungus. The teliospores are spherical to oval, dark brown, with a small thorn on the wall surface, size 10-159-13 (um). In the early stage, more than 30 teliospores often come together to form a spherical to irregular spore mass, with a size of 50 to 70 um, but they are tight and spread out when mature. The spores began to have a thin film composed of hyphae, which broke out after the winter break. The teliospores need to be physiologically matured to germinate, and the germination rate is obviously improved when they are treated under 32-35°C and moist conditions for 30 days. The bacteria can grow on artificial medium.
Transmission routes and disease conditions The disease is mainly seed-borne bacteria. The bacteria scattered in the soil can survive for 1 year, and the teliospores can survive in deep soil for 3 years. Winter sphaeroides scattered in the soil or manure is the main source of infestation. After germination, the teliospore invaded the sorghum buds with the dinuclear mycelium. It was the most suitable infection period when the seeds germinated until the bud length was 1.5 cm. The invading hyphae were initially in the lower part of the growth cone, entered the interior after 40 days, and entered the differentiated flower buds 60 days later. The disease is a seedling system infestation disease. The pathogens are sorghum and maize, two host specialization types. Although the sorghum-specific type mainly infects sorghum, although it can infect corn, the incidence rate is not high. Maize specialization only infects corn and cannot infect sorghum. China has discovered three physiological races. Soil temperature and water content are closely related to the onset. Soil temperature 28 °C, soil moisture content of 15% incidence rate is high. During spring sowing, the soil temperature is too low or the soil is too thick. Continuous disease is heavy.
Control methods (1) Selection of disease-resistant varieties The current hybrids producing resistance to head smut are: Heza 34, Heza 46, Qiza 1, Jinza 5, Noza 5, Noza 7, Noisy No. 1, Liaoza No. 4, Liaogou Miscellaneous No. 2 and so on. Disease-resistant parents include Black Dragon 14A, 7152A, and Kenon 105A. (2) Large-scale crop rotation and other crop rotations for more than three years can effectively control the occurrence of the disease, and it is an economic and effective agricultural control measure. (3) Sterilization in autumn can reduce the bacteria source and reduce the incidence of the next year. (4) Seed treatment 1 Warm water soaking. After soaking in warm water of 45-55°C for 5 minutes, then suffocation, until the seed germination immediately after sowing, can both protect seedlings and reduce the incidence rate. 2 drug seed dressing. With 25% triadimefon wettable powder 2g mixed 1kg sorghum, excellent control effect. It is also possible to mix 5kg seeds with 50% rustin powder 358 and sowing seeds after sowing. (5) Timely sowing should not be premature. Improve the quality of sowing, so that seedlings can be unearthed as soon as possible to reduce the opportunity for germs to invade from buds. (6) Remove the diseased ear and require it to be carried out before the ash bag is present and has not yet ruptured.
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