As the old saying goes, "Illness comes from the mouth," and this is especially true for fish. Therefore, rural farmers should avoid feeding fish with dead animals or poultry carcasses, as these can introduce harmful pathogens into the pond. All feed provided to fish must be clean, fresh, and ideally sterilized. For animal-based feeds like snails or crickets, they should be thoroughly washed to remove any contaminants. Any feed that has gone rancid or spoiled should never be used. When feeding plant-based materials, it's recommended to soak them in a 6ppm bleach solution for 20–30 minutes, or sprinkle a 1ppm solution directly onto the weeds until they are fully wet, then feed them after an hour. In ponds where manure or fertilizer is used, adding 12 grams of bleaching powder per 50 kg of fertilizer water can help disinfect the water while also providing nutrients and promoting faster fish growth.
Leftover food in the feeding area often leads to spoilage, which creates a breeding ground for harmful bacteria. With many fish gathering in one spot, the risk of disease outbreaks increases significantly, especially during warmer months or when fish diseases are prevalent. To prevent this, maintaining cleanliness in the feeding area is crucial. Farmers should regularly monitor the amount of feed given, clean the area daily, and perform periodic disinfections to control bacterial growth. There are two main methods for disinfecting the feeding area:
1. **Pill or Scrubbing Disinfection**: Mix 250 grams of bleach with 10–15 liters of water and spread it evenly over the feeding area and its surroundings, or scrub the feeding tables. This process should be done once every 10 days during disease outbreaks and once every month or two otherwise. Before applying the disinfectant, it’s advisable to lure fish with regular feed to ensure they don’t get affected. When using copper sulfate for disinfection, apply 250 grams per acre by sprinkling it on the water surface and around the pond.
2. **Hanging or Bag Method**: The hanging method involves placing bleaching powder in a bamboo basket and suspending it around the feeding area. The depth depends on the fish species—usually near the surface for surface feeders, or about 20–24 cm above the bottom for bottom feeders like carp. Each basket should contain 100–150 grams of bleaching powder, and the baskets should be replaced daily for three days. If no bamboo baskets are available, plastic bags can be used instead, but avoid cloth or other easily corroded containers. The bag method uses a mixture of 100g copper sulfate and 40g ferrous sulfate in a fine mesh bag. Bamboo baskets should not be used in place of these bags.
The choice of drugs and dosages for disinfection should be tailored based on local conditions, including available medications, past disease prevalence, the size of the feeding area, water depth, and current water quality and temperature. To ensure effective disinfection, several key points must be considered: First, the drug concentration should be neither too high nor too low. After the first application, observe the pond for about an hour to check if fish are still eating. If no activity is seen, reduce the number of baskets or bags. Second, the drug should remain in the area for at least 2–3 hours to ensure all fish are exposed. Third, to encourage fish to eat during treatment, stop feeding one day before applying the medicine and then offer smaller portions of their favorite food for a few days afterward. Finally, it’s important to train fish to feed in specific areas before starting the disinfection process.
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