Seed processing techniques and cultivation techniques of Bupleurum chinense

1. Seed Treatment Method

1.1 Selection of Strains for Seed Retention

During the growth phase of Bupleurum chinense, variations in the microclimate and individual plant resistance to pests and diseases can lead to the appearance of weak seedlings or those affected by disease. When selecting seeds for retention, it is essential to choose plants that are vigorous, healthy, and two years old. These selected plants should not have their pods picked or removed. During field management, they are treated with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

In the flowering bud stage, foliar spraying with 0.2%–0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is recommended, applied once every five days for two consecutive times. This helps promote fruit development and ensures full grain formation. In September to November, when the fruits change from blue to brown, the upper part of the seeds along with the twigs is harvested, dried in the air, and then threshed and dried further. The wind is used to separate the plump and mature seeds, which are then stored in jars for future use.

1.2 Seed Processing Methods

The viability of Bupleurum chinense seeds is relatively short, so fresh seeds are preferred for sowing. Common seed treatments include chemical treatment, hormone treatment, warm water and sand treatment, and light treatment. Due to limited rural resources, the first three methods are typically used, increasing the germination rate by 12.6%–15.4%. Chemical treatment involves soaking seeds in a 0.8%–1.0% potassium permanganate solution for 10–15 minutes, which enhances the emergence rate by 15.4%. Hormone treatment uses 0.5×10⁻⁶–1.0×10⁻⁶ cytokinin (6-BA) for one day, followed by rinsing and sowing, increasing the emergence rate by 12.6%. Warm water and sand treatment involve soaking seeds in 35–40°C water for one day, removing floating seeds, and mixing them with wet sand at 20–25°C. After about 10–12 days, when some seeds begin to sprout, they are ready for sowing, ensuring sufficient seedling numbers.

2. Field High-Yield Cultivation Techniques

2.1 Site Preparation

Planting sites should be located between 1,100–1,500 meters above sea level, on deep, loose, fertile, well-drained loam or sandy loam, or gentle slopes. Before planting, multiple ploughings are performed to ensure fine soil particles, soft and flat ground, and the application of 30,000 kg/ha of organic fertilizer. The soil is then shaped into beds 120–130 cm wide and 25 cm deep, with 30 cm wide ditches. Sorghum is prepared for sowing.

2.2 Sowing Methods

Before sowing, rows of 10 cm depth are created at intervals of 20 cm across the entire field, with seeds drilled at 15 cm apart. There are two sowing methods: transplanting and direct seeding. Due to spring drought in the Qinba Mountains, transplanting is difficult. Chaihu can be sown directly in both spring and autumn. Spring sowing is done from early April to early May, while autumn sowing begins after seed drying following harvest, continuing until mid-November before the soil freezes.

2.3 Weeding and Thinning

Bupleurum seedlings emerge 12–15 days after sowing. Once emerged, the first thinning, cultivation, and weeding are carried out when seedlings reach 4–5 cm in height, removing dense and weak seedlings. At 8–10 cm, seedlings are transplanted, with an ideal density of 675,000–825,000 plants per hectare. Every 10 cm, maintain 1–2 strong shoots. If there are gaps, supplementary planting is done immediately with watering. Once the plants close, manual weeding is used to avoid root damage. Chemical herbicides are generally unnecessary.

2.4 Fertilization

Along with base fertilizer during sowing, Bupleurum requires top-dressing during its two-year growth cycle. First top-dressing occurs with the first thinning, applying 22,500 kg/ha of diluted livestock manure. Second top-dressing combines with thinning, using 30,000 kg/ha of decomposed manure. Third top-dressing occurs when seedlings reach 30–40 cm, using 750–900 kg/ha of rapeseed cake and 22,500 kg/ha of diluted human and animal waste. In the second year, two applications of 150–225 kg/ha of diammonium phosphate or superphosphate solution can be used. A 0.2%–0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate spray is also effective. Organic potassium fertilizer can be applied at 3 kg/ha. These methods can be alternated to accelerate root development.

2.5 Moisture Management

Bupleurum thrives in humid conditions but is highly susceptible to waterlogging. Before the rainy season, drainage ditches must be cleared to prevent water accumulation and reduce disease incidence.

2.6 Removing Buds

After careful management, the upper part of the Radix Bupleurum grows vigorously. Half of the annual plants may flower, and all two-year-old plants will bloom. Flowering, which lasts 40–50 days from August to October, consumes significant nutrients, reducing root development. Timely removal of buds and tillers promotes nutrient accumulation in the roots, enhancing yield.

2.7 Pest and Disease Control

When managing pests and diseases in Bupleurum, it's important to avoid heavy metal and high-residue pesticides. Instead, focus on agricultural prevention and use biological or low-toxicity pesticides. Root knot nematode disease is controlled by applying 80% dibromochlorohydrin EC diluted 100–150 times 15 days before sowing. Root rot is managed through improved drainage, increased phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and dipping infected roots in a 50% thiophanate-methyl solution. Underground pests like wireworms are controlled with properly composted manure and light traps. For large infestations, a 90% trichlorfon solution or bait with triadimefon is effective. Locusts and yellow swallowtail butterflies are controlled through altitude management, biological agents, and manual larval removal. Spraying with P. erinacei at 300 times dilution yields good results for large infestations.

Vtm Sampling Tube With Swab

[Sample requirements]
The collected nasopharyngeal swab samples should be transported at 2°C to 8°C and sent for inspection immediately, and the sample delivery and storage time should not exceed 48 hours.

[Testing method]
1. Before sampling, mark the relevant sample information on the label of the sampling tube.
2. According to different sampling requirements, use a sampling swab to sample in the nasopharynx.
3. The specific sampling methods are as follows:
a) Nasal swab: Gently insert the swab head into the nasal palate, stay for a while and then slowly turn to exit. Wipe the other nostril with another swab, immerse the swab head in the sampling solution, and discard the tail.

b) Pharyngeal swab: Wipe bilateral pharyngeal tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall with a swab, also immerse the swab head in the sampling solution, and discard the tail.

4. Quickly put the swab into the sampling tube.
5. Break the part of the sampling swab higher than the sampling tube, and tighten the tube cover.
6. Freshly collected clinical specimens should be transported to the laboratory within 48 hours at 2°C to 8°C.

[Explanation of test results]
After the sample is collected, the sampling solution turns slightly yellow, which will not affect the nucleic acid test result.

[Limitations of the test method]
1. For samples that are seriously contaminated due to improper storage after collection, the final test results will be affected.
2. If the sample is not stored at the specified temperature, the final test result will be affected.

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